STANDARD THREE

TANGIBLE COMPONENTS OF EMERGENCY READINESS: LOCAL GOVERNMENT EMERGENCY PLANS

DISCUSSION

This standard establishes criteria for the emergency plans that provide a basis for local readiness. Also, the process of emergency planning allows the jurisdiction to establish its requirements for facilities and equipment (Standard Four) and for trained personnel (Standard Five). Thus, emergency planning is a prerequisite to all other emergency readiness activities.

Need for Local Emergency Plans

Conducting coordinated operations in peacetime or attack-caused emergencies is basically executing or carrying out local emergency plans. The payoff from emergency operations is the lives that are saved and the property that is preserved. This payoff results from the forces that have emergency missions doing "the right thing at the right time," making maximum effective use of existing resources and capabilities.

Taking prompt and effective action in emergencies is facilitated by planning. Experience in peacetime disasters has shown repeatedly that when emergency plans are known to the heads of local operating departments and their forces, and operations are conducted in accordance with these plans, reaction times are reduced and coordination improved. On the other hand, "paper plans" prepared by the civil preparedness Director/Coordinator alone, with little participation by local operating departments, are of little value-because they are not used. Thus the development of a written plan is not an end in itself, because having a written emergency plan does not guarantee that actual operations will be effective. But the process of planning that leads to the development of a written plan is extremely valuable. This is because the local officials who are responsible for emergency operations have spent time determining which local forces will do what, should various emergencies arise, and how operations will be coordinated.

Written plans are valuable for training, and to familiarize new local executives with their duties in emergencies. Plans also provide a point of departure for Increased Readiness actions to improve and activate civil preparedness capabilities in periods of heightened risk, such as a hurricane watch or an international crisis.

Local Planning Process

The local government's emergency plan should therefore document and reflect a planning process conducted by a local government planning team. This team should include representatives from each department of local government with an emergency mission, and from each non-governmental group to which such a mission should be assigned (e.g., news media, county medical society, Red Cross Chapter). The chief executive himself should if possible participate in the work of the planning team.

The emergency planning process should be led and coordinated by the local civil preparedness Director/Coordinator, on behalf of the chief executive. As part of this planning leadership, the Director/Coordinator is responsible to inform the planners of local operating departments, as well as non-governmental planners, of the special conditions arising out of nuclear attack or peacetime disasters that would call for a modification of traditional operating techniques. Training and on-site assistance in local emergency planning includes the Civil Preparedness Planning Workshop and assistance from professionals of the State and the Regional offices. In many jurisdictions, the local planning agency can play an important role in emergency planning, working in close cooperation with the civil preparedness Director/Coordinator and planners of the operating departments.

Hazard Analysis

The starting point for local emergency planning (or for updating existing plans) is an analysis of specific hazards deemed likely to confront the jurisdiction.

Publication TR-82, "High Risk Areas", identifies general areas which could face high risk from blast and other nuclear weapons effects should the U.S. be attacked. State and Federal personnel can assist local jurisdictions in identifying more precisely the nuclear weapons effects they could experience. State and Federal personnel can also assist local Directors in identifying potential peacetime hazards (e.g., slowly developing natural disasters such as hurricanes or floods; rapidly developing natural disasters such as earthquakes, tornadoes, or flash floods; and technological emergencies such as major air crashes, major industrial accidents, transportation or nuclear-reactor accidents involving a potential radiological hazard, or energy shortages.)

The hazard analysis thus specifies the threats for which the local plan will outline the who, what, where, and how of coordinated emergency operations. Accordingly, hazards should be described as specifically as possible. For example, the analysis for a coastal jurisdiction should specify the area that could be flooded by a storm surge caused by a hurricane, and the number of people who should therefore be evacuated during the warning period.

Organization and Content of Local Government Emergency Plans

No standard format or organization is specified for a local government's emergency plan. Some States have established formats for local plans, to assure compatibility with the State's emergency plans, and where this is the case, local plans should be in the State's format.

While the organization of local plans is not specified, there are a number of emergency functions that should be covered in the plans of each local jurisdiction. First, it is essential that the local plan outline the organizations, systems, and procedures which add up to the jurisdiction's basic emergency operating capability. This refers to the jurisdiction's ability to handle any of the types of major emergencies identified in the hazard analysis.

The elements of this basic operating capability are usually reflected in the jurisdiction's Basic Plan and in certain additional parts or annexes in the overall local emergency plan. The Basic Plan is a relatively brief "umbrella" for the balance of the emergency plan, and as such covers organization, responsibilities, and operations in any type of emergency.

The parts of the local plan which reflect the basic operating capability are those of general applicability, outlining functions needed in any emergency severe enough to call for coordinated emergency operations. These supporting parts of the plan are often designated as annexes to the Basic Plan, and should cover: (1) Direction and Control, spelling out local emergency organization for centralized direction of coordinated operations by key officials. Emphasis is on EOC organization and functions. (2) Warning, spelling out responsibilities and procedures for warning the population of impending threats. (3) Emergency Communications. (4) Emergency Public Information, spelling out responsibilities and procedures for getting official information and instructions to the public promptly, before, during, and as necessary after an emergency.

Radiological Defense for both peacetime and attack emergencies is sometimes also covered in an annex of general applicability. However, it is preferable to cover radiological defense operations for attack emergencies separately from those for peace- time emergencies (e.g., a transportation accident involving radioactive material, or a severe accident at a nuclear power plant). This is because different concepts of operation, assessment methodologies, and protective actions are involved in peacetime radiological emergencies.

The balance of the local plan addresses operations which may be required in specific types' of emergencies. One method of organizing a local plan is illustrated in Annex 1 to FCDG Appendix G-l .2,2 a plan for the "City of Brownville". In addition to a Basic Plan and annexes thereto, the Brownville example includes separate "Parts" for differing situations and hazards (e.g., enemy attack, natural disaster), and each Part includes annexes as required to spell out operations by local government departments. The Brownville plan is provided as an example only, however, with no implication that local plans must follow the same format. Additional guidance on emergency planning is provided in CPG 1-6, "Disaster Operations," and publication MP-67, "Improving Your Community's Emergency Response."

Nuclear Civil Protection Planning

The Federal government encourages and assists localities in full-spectrum emergency planning, including a range of potential peacetime hazards as outlined above. However, it is also essential (and required as a condition of eligibility for Federal assistance) that each jurisdiction's emergency plan provide for civil defense operations during periods of severe international crisis and of attack.

The term Nuclear Civil Protection (NCP) planning refers to development of plans providing the following two options: (1) Protection of the population against nuclear attack effects essentially in-place, in jurisdictions throughout the U.S., at or near their places of residence. (2) Orderly relocation of people from areas of potential high risk from the direct effects of nuclear weapons, should national authorities elect to implement relocation plans during a severe crisis, and time and circumstances permit relocation, as well as the reception, care, and protection of relocated people in low-risk host areas.

NCP planning for the in-place protection option includes development or updating of both (1) a local community shelter plan (CSP) allocation, including standby information materials for the public; and (2) emergency plans, based on the CSP allocation, covering local government operations for sheltering the population. This type of NCP planning has been underway since 1966, and many localities will need to update in-place protection plans, as new shelter surveys provide a basis for revising CSP allocations. Surveys and operations plans in low-risk areas will continue to stress fallout protection, while those in high-risk areas will be based on use of best-available blast as well as fallout protection.

NCP planning for the relocation option includes both local and State4evel planning for relocating people from high-risk areas, during a period of severe international crisis, to low-risk jurisdictions. High-risk jurisdictions thus require plans covering operations to relocate the people during a crisis, and then to maintain security in the risk area, to keep essential industry in operation by commuting key workers, and to shelter any persons still in the risk area in best-available shelter should an attack occur. Low-risk host jurisdictions, in contrast, require plans covering reception and care of relocated population, and provision of fallout protection for use in case of attack.

NCP planning is risk-oriented, in that plans needed by high-risk and low-risk jurisdictions will differ, as outlined above. Also, most low-risk jurisdictions will need plans for the contingency of hosting risk-area population in case of crisis relocation. Some low-risk jurisdictions, however, are far enough from high-risk areas that they will not need to act as host areas; NCP plans in such low-risk communities need cover only in-place fallout protection for the residents.

Certain additional nuclear-related contingencies should be covered in local emergency plans, where applicable. These may include (1) plans for peacetime radiological emergencies (e.g., a transportation accident involving radioactive material, or a severe accident at a nuclear power plant); (2) plans for warning the population should warning ever be received of an accidental missile launch, or any other unauthorized or unexplained incident involving a possible detonation of a nuclear device; and (3) plans for a possible threat by terrorists or criminals, involving an alleged nuclear device or weapon.

Also, the amount of detail contained in a local emergency plan is determined by the population of the jurisdiction, the shelter and other resources it has, and the size and complexity of its governmental structure. In a smaller rural county, civil preparedness requirements are not as complex as in a large city, and the emergency plan should be correspondingly less elaborate.

STANDARDS

1. Fully-Qualified Emergency Planning Standard

Each jurisdiction shall have an emergency plan developed by an interdepartmental planning process as discussed above, plus checklists or standing operating procedures, as required. The plan shall be based on currently existing resources and operational capabilities-not on assumed capabilities that do not exist. Where the jurisdiction is participating with one or more others in a joint-action arrangement, a combined emergency operations plan may be pre- pared (e.g., a city-county plan). Such plans shall cover operations by the forces of all jurisdictions involved, and shall specify arrangements for direction and control by the executives concerned.

a. Jurisdictions of Approximately 5,000 Population or More - The jurisdiction's plans cover each of the functions or elements below that is applicable. If the State has specified a format for local plans, this shall be followed. Otherwise, local plans may be organized either by function or by governmental department, with all necessary functions assigned to an appropriate agency.

(1) CSP Shelter Allocation - A shelter allocation has been developed, based on Community Shelter Planning (CSP), and specifying what all of the people in the jurisdiction should do or where they should go, in case of attack emergency (e.g., to public shelter and/or to home basements). This allocation must be updated periodically to reflect current shelter survey data, population changes, or other factors.

In high-risk areas, the allocation provides for use of space providing best-available blast as well as fallout protection; if an All-Effects Survey has been completed for the jurisdiction, best-available blast protection identified by the Survey has been used in the CSP allocation. In low-risk areas, the allocation provides for use of best-available fallout protection; if a Host Area Survey has been completed for the jurisdiction, best-available fallout protection identified by this survey should be used in the allocation, plus consideration of home basements.

Public information materials have been prepared, based on the CSP allocation, containing advice for each citizen in the jurisdiction on "where to go and what to do" in case of attack warning. These materials may have been published and distributed in peacetime, but newspaper mats or photographic negatives must be available, to permit redissemination during a crisis period as local "news" rather than an information project funded by the Federal Government.

(2) Basic Plan and Annexes - The jurisdiction has developed those parts of the overall emergency plan needed to outline its basic 'emergency operating capability, including a Basic Plan and supporting parts or annexes outlining functions needed in any severe emergency. The Basic Plan is a brief "umbrella" for the balance of the emergency plan. It shall include planning assumptions, based on a hazard analysis identifying peacetime and attack-caused hazards that have or might reasonably be expected to affect the community. It includes a brief statement of the purpose of civil preparedness in the jurisdiction. (See Standard One.) It also assigns emergency missions to the departments of local government, and to non-governmental groups, and designates the person in charge of decision-making during an emergency (i.e., the chief executive). It references any mutual-assistance agreements with other jurisdictions, and covers procedures for requesting military or other State or Federal assistance. It shall be signed by the chief executive, and have any other approvals necessary under local or State law. The Basic Plan and annexes should be reviewed and as necessary updated to assure the plans are current.

Supporting parts of the local plan, applicable in any type of emergency, may be designated as annexes to the Basic Plan, and may include:

(a) Direction and Control - This part of the plan covers operation of the EOC, to permit direction and control of coordinated operations by key officials. It shall include duties of each member of the EOC staff including the Radiological Defense Officer (RDO), displays, internal EOC procedures, etc., and use of locally available communications for operations directed from the EOC. If the community has public shelters, the organization of shelters (e.g., into shelter complexes, with headquarters reporting to the EOC) shall be identified.

(b) Warning - Covers procedures for receipt of warning of peacetime hazards or enemy attack, and for dissemination of warning to the population by all means available (may include warning assignments for siren-equipped vehicles), as well as procedures for alerting key officials.

(c) Emergency Public Information - Planning for emergency public information includes making written agreements with radio, television, or Community Antenna Television facilities serving the jurisdiction for disseminating warning information to the public. Plans also include operations by news media to support local government in getting emergency information to the public promptly, by establishing procedures for a centralized source of official guidance and instructions for the people in a major emergency. For the nuclear attack threat, the plan shall include provisions for crisis use of "In Time of Emergency" newspaper, radio, and television materials, and dissemination of local Community Shelter Planning instructions for the public, as well as Crisis Relocation Planning instructions. Written agreements should be made for dissemination of EPI materials to the public.

(3) Plans for Major Contingencies - Depending upon the size and complexity of the community, and the potential emergencies identified by the hazard analysis, additional contingency-oriented plans will usually be required, such as a hurricane disaster plan. These may be designated as major subordinate "Parts" of the local plan if the Brownville format is used. As applicable, the jurisdiction has developed plans covering:

(a) Increased Readiness Operations - includes overall local plans for operations in periods of heightened risk (e.g., hurricane watch, or international crisis). Where the locality must bring its EOC, public shelters, or other facilities to full operational status during a crisis, or conduct accelerated training, the IR plan shall spell out who/what where. (See Standards Four and Five.) Standard Four describes requirements for crisis shelter marking and stocking plans, as part of overall local Increased-Readiness plans. IR plans for periods of severe international crisis cover general operations to improve readiness, in both high-risk and low-risk jurisdictions, applicable primarily to readiness to protect the population in-place. Should States or localities be advised that operations are contemplated for crisis relocation of population from high-risk areas (see subparagraph (d) below), crisis relocation plans would be implemented.

(b) Operations in Peacetime Emergencies - Covers overall local plans for operations in peacetime emergencies that the hazard analysis has identified as potential threats to the community (e.g., tornado, major industrial or transportation accident, radiological incident, earthquake, civil disorder, hurricane, air pollution, flood, and emergencies created by an energy shortage). Annexes or appendices shall be included as necessary to spell out functions of local operating departments or services with emergency responsibilities. Appropriate checklists and standing operating procedures shall be included as necessary (e.g., inventories of publicly or privately owned operational equipment available to the jurisdiction; and call-up and alerting lists). Annexes and standing operating procedures are discussed in subparagraphs (4) and (5) below.

(c) Nuclear civil Protection Plans for In-Place Protection - The jurisdiction has developed operational plans, based on the CSP shelter allocation, for operations to protect the population in best-available shelter against attack effects. Plans cover actions during attack emergencies, from Attack Warning and movement to shelter through the In-Shelter and Shelter Emergence periods. Annexes or appendices, and standing operating procedures, shall be included as necessary, as discussed below.

(d) Nuclear civil Protection Plans for the crisis Relocation Option - The jurisdiction has, if applicable, developed plans for the contingency or option of crisis relocation. (Note: In-depth planning for the relocation option will be undertaken primarily as assistance becomes available from Federally-supported NCP planners. However, localities should develop plans as thoroughly as possible, with State assistance, pending availability of assistance from NCP planners. Such assistance may not be available for some local jurisdictions for several years.)

Plans for high-risk jurisdictions cover (i) allocation of risk-area population to appropriate host jurisdictions, including preparation of standby emergency information materials for the public; and (ii) risk-area operations for the initial relocation movement, for providing security in the risk area, for keeping essential industry in operation through commuting key workers from nearby host areas, and for sheltering persons still in the risk area in best-available blast protection in case of attack.

Plans for low-risk host jurisdictions cover operations for (i) reception and care of relocatees from risk areas (e.g., temporary lodging, feeding); and (ii) provision of fallout protection for both residents and relocated risk-area population. State4evel plans will provide for logistic support of relocated population (e.g., provision of food to outlets in host jurisdictions, medical support, and law enforcement support.) Host-jurisdiction planning for fallout protection will be based on results of the Host-Area Survey, which identifies best-available fallout protection, as well as facilities whose protection factor against fallout can be improved by actions taken during the crisis period.

(e) Post-Shelter Operations - Covers local actions for the conservation and use of life-supporting resources (food, petroleum products, etc), in consonance with the State Emergency Resources Management Plan.

(4) Annexes or Appendices - These cover missions, functions, and operational execution of plans on a department-by-department or function-by-function basis. Separate annexes (e.g., for police operations) are normally prepared for peace time emergency and for attack operations, although in some cases a single annex may suffice. Each of the following functions that is applicable in the jurisdiction shall be covered (and additional functions, if necessary):

(a) Radiological Defense - A radiological defense (RADEF) Annex must be developed by each jurisdiction having responsibility for the direction or conduct of emergency operations. This Annex should cover operations in NCP contingencies as applicable, and provide for the protection of people and resources by means of an ready radiological defense system. For each jurisdiction, the Radiological Defense System shall include (in order of priority) (i) a shelter radiological monitoring capability; (ii) a self-protection radiological monitoring capability to provide self monitoring by personnel in emergency services, vital facilities and essential industries (police, fire, public works, hospitals, power plants, food distribution, etc.), and exposure control for emergency workers during emergency operations in the post shelter period; (iii) a radiological monitoring, reporting and assessment capability to provide a network of weapon effects reporting stations (monitoring stations) and an analysis and assessment capability within the EOC; and (iv) a radiological decontamination capability. RADEF operations should also be included in the annexes of the appropriate emergency services-e.g., fire, police, public works, rescue, medical.

A detailed SOP should be completed and coordinated with operating organizations where applicable for the following: (i) distribution of RADEF sets in bulk repositories; (ii) the shelter annex; (iii) EOC operations, including analyses and display of RADEF information in the EOC's, and the receipt of aerial monitoring data from the State; (iv) radiation exposure control of emergency workers in recovery operations; (v) decontamination; (vi) crisis training of radiological monitors for shelters; (vii) crisis augmentation of additional RM's for weapons effects reporting stations and for emergency services and vital facilities; and (viii) crisis augmentation of RADEF personnel assigned to EOC operations. Separate annexes should also be developed for those peacetime radiological hazards to which the jurisdiction may be exposed (see CPG 1-6 on Radiological Accidents and Nuclear Facility Accidents, if required for the jurisdiction).

(b) Fire - Covers operations of the regular fire service, as augmented by any trained auxiliaries (Support Assistants for Fire Emergency).

(c) Rescue - Covers operations of all rescue services (may be included in annex of responsible service, e.g., the fire department).

(d) Police - Covers operations of police or sheriffs forces, as augmented by any trained auxiliaries. For the nuclear attack threat, in localities with public shelters, covers police assignments to assist movement to shelter, and for maintenance of law and order in shelters. In all localities, provides for security of vital facilities. Where crisis relocation planning has been conducted, police plans of low-risk host jurisdictions cover operations for traffic control, including movement control and parking for risk-area population assigned to the host jurisdiction, and other law enforcement activities.

(e) Public Works Engineering - Covers operations of city or county engineering or public works departments, local utilities, plans for radiological decontamination of vital facilities and essential industries, etc. In low-risk host jurisdictions PWE plans should cover operations, if needed, for crisis actions to improve fallout protection of "upgradable" facilities identified by the Host-Area Survey, and also for crisis construction of expedient shelters, if needed.

(f) Emergency Health and Medical-Health - medical operations are normally the responsibility of the local health department, but can only be accomplished with the active cooperation of the health professions and the staffs of hospitals and other medical facilities. Therefore, this annex shall be prepared by or in close cooperation with the local medical society, hospital administrators, and others concerned. Also, hospital disaster plans and the health-medical annex(es) of the local government emergency plan shall be related to and in consonance with each other. Where appropriate, plans shall cover use of Packaged Disaster Hospitals available in the local jurisdiction. In many jurisdictions, "Emergency Medical Services Councils" can be a valuable source of assistance in planning and operations.

The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals requires an accredited hospital to have developed a disaster plan which is rehearsed at least once a year, preferably as part of a coordinated disaster exercise in which other community services participate. The local civil preparedness Director/Coordinator should work with the appropriate hospital administrators, and the local medical society, to assure that such disaster plans are realistic in terms of (1) the disasters that might occur, and the resulting case load; and (2) resources that are available in the jurisdiction.

(g) Emergency Welfare - The local welfare department is responsible for emergency operations, but the annex shall be prepared in close cooperation with the American Red Cross chapter and pther voluntary agencies that have emergency welfare capabilities. Plans for peacetime emergencies shall pro- vide for feeding and sheltering (housing) of persons displaced by a major disaster. Any understandings with the Red Cross or other non-governmental agencies shall be included. Where crisis relocation planning has been conducted, emergency welfare plans of low- risk host jurisdictions emphasize operations for reception and care of risk-area population assigned, including temporary lodging in "congregate care" facilities identified by the Host-Area Survey.

(h) Schools - School disaster plans shall be related to and in consonance with local government emergency plans, and shall therefore be developed by or in close cooperation with school officials.

(i) Industry - Industrial disaster plans shall be related to and in consonance with local government plans, and shall be developed by or in close cooperation with industry representatives.

(5) Standing Operating Procedures - These shall be developed by operating departments concerned, as necessary to supplement and detail annexes. An SOP important to both peacetime and attack-emergency operations is an inventory of publicly and privately owned operational equipment or resources that would be available to the jurisdiction in emergencies (e.g., earthmoving equipment). SOP's for attack emergencies shall include provision for sheltering the dependents of emergency service personnel (e.g., policemen, firefighters, auxiliaries). Other SOP's that may be needed include warning system procedures, call-up or alerting lists, RADEF system procedures, decontamination priorities and procedures, and specific traffic control and shelter assignments of police and other personnel. All governmental and auxiliary personnel with emergency assignments should be issued an appropriate identification card.

b. Fully-Qualified Emergency Planning Standard for Jurisdictions of Approximately 5,000 Population or Less-Emergency plans shall cover all operations and functions required, similar to those outlined above for larger jurisdictions. The operations required would be fewer and less complex, however, and the plan accordingly less elaborate.

Nuclear Civil Protection (NCP) plans will differ for high-risk and low-risk jurisdictions. Many smaller low-risk jurisdictions will need plans for hosting operations should crisis relocation be implemented; Federally-supported NCP planners will provide direct assistance for this type of contingency planning. Other low-risk jurisdictions may not need to act as host areas in case of crisis relocation, and their NCP plans would need to cover only operations for protecting their own residents from fallout. High-risk jurisdictions on the other hand will need to provide for best available blast protection to accommodate the needs of essential workers who commute to the risk area.

In a smaller rural county, the CSP shelter allocation may call for most of the people to use the basements of their homes for shelter, and to improvise additional fallout protection there, with a relatively few people to move to public shelters. If few homes have basements, the citizens would have to be instructed on how to improvise fallout protection (above ground, in homes, or by constructing earth-covered shelters outdoors).

Increased-Readiness actions, to be taken during an international crisis, would include getting CSP-type information to the people, on where to go, and what to do in case of attack. Emphasis would be on the fallout hazard, how to improvise additional protection, and how to protect live- stock, and plans should provide for the use of "In Time of Emergency" newspaper, radio, and television materials. Other Increased-Readiness actions may include training Radiological Monitors for shelters and any additional Radiological Monitors needed for weapons effects reporting stations and for self-support of emergency services and vital facilities; training additional Shelter Managers if needed for public shelters; or improvising an EOC facility.

If crisis relocation plans were implemented, host jurisdictions would complete preparations for, and then undertake, operations for reception and care of population from high-risk areas. In most cases, crisis actions to develop additional fallout shelter would be essential.

In case of attack, warning to go to fallout protected areas would need to be disseminated by all means available. The county would need weapons effects reporting stations with communications to a Radiological Defense Officer at the EOC. The RDO would analyze the reports and make estimates of the length of time people would need to remain in shelter, for broadcast to the population. These analyses would be supplemented by information and advice on the fallout hazard from the next higher level EOC, normally a State area or district headquarters.

The key county officials at the EOC would need communications to cities or villages within the county: to a point of entry to the Emergency Broadcasting System, to permit broadcasting information to their citizens; to EOC's in adjoining counties; and to the State area EOC. These could be primarily telephone.

Only in exceptional cases would there be a need for large-scale emergency operations during the warning and in-shelter periods. In counties with a large amount of public fallout shelter, as in a cave or mine, law enforcement forces would need to assist the people to move to shelter, by traffic- control and parking operations. If a nuclear weapon burst in or near the county, organized firefighting operations would be needed if people in shelters were threatened by fire. In the absence of such conditions, fire, police, and other forces would take shelter from fallout in the same way as the rest of the citizens.

After fallout radiation had decayed to the point where the population could leave shelters, county government would be responsible for public safety1 health, and welfare operations to assist their own citizens, as well as any injured or uninjured survivors from damaged areas. They might also be called upon to send forces to assist in operations in damaged areas, and they would need to institute relatively simple procedures for the emergency control and use of food, gasoline, and other life essential resources and initiate decontamination procedures.

Smaller jurisdictions can meet the fully-qualified standard for emergency planning by;

(1) Developing a written plan according to State guidance or formats covering operations required, including any necessary alerting lists; or

(2) Developing a Basic Plan as outlined in Civil Preparedness Guide 1-6, "Disaster Operations, A Handbook for Local Governments", July 1972; plus warning plans, alerting lists, etc., as required by the State civil preparedness Director/Coordinator. The action checklists in the Handbook, for attack-caused and peacetime emergencies, may be used as part of the local plan, provided that blanks in the checklists have been tilled in as specified by the State (e.g., where to request support in various types of emergencies). This alternative approach, based on the Disaster Operations handbook, may be used only if approved by the State.

 2. Minimum-Level Emergency Planning Standard

a. RADEF - To meet the minimum level RADEF planning standard, each jurisdiction shall have developed the RADEF portion of the following:

(1) Basic plan

(2) EOC operations plan or annex; including analysis and display of RADEF information in the EOC, and reporting to higher EOC

(3) Increased-Readiness plan or annex, including accelerated expansion of RADEF capabilities during an international crisis (e.g., accelerated training of additional RADEF personnel needed and crisis distribution of RADEF sets stored in bulk repositories).

(4) Shelter operations plan or annex for protecting population either in-place or after crisis relocation

b. Jurisdictions of Approximately 5,000 Population or More (other than RADEF) - To meet the minimum-level standard for other than RADEF, jurisdictions of approximately 5,000 population or more shall have developed an emergency plan including at least the following: Basic Plan plus annexes covering Direction and Control, Warning, Communications, Emergency Public Information, and Radiological Defense. In addition, the local emergency plan shall cover Increased-Readiness operations, and there shall be a CSP shelter allocation for the jurisdiction, with public information materials based on the allocation ready for dissemination during a crisis period. If appropriate, and if direct assistance has been provided by the State, the jurisdiction shall also have operational plans for the contingency of crisis relocation.

c. Jurisdictions of Approximately 5,000 Population or Less (other than RADEF) - Smaller jurisdictions shall have developed an emergency plan using one of the approaches described in paragraph lb above, but the plan need not include alerting lists or other standing operating procedures.