This monograph examines the modern civil defense system from its inception to the present. The evolution of policies and programs is examined on the basis of five determinants: international crisis and change; quality and civil defense leadership and planning; congressional support and appropriations; presidential interest and support; and defense policy. This review is presented in terms of presidential administrations between 1945 and 1984. This monograph concludes that the U.S. cannot expect to achieve a significant level of attack preparedness at current budget levels; but that the Integrated Emergency Management System (IEMS) multi-hazard emergency management approach may be endorsed by the Congressional committees concerned... read more

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